Decoding Success: A Middle-Class Logic of Individual Advancement in a U.S. Suburb and High School
Source: Teachers College Record, Volume 112 Number 12, ( 2010).
Background
Researchers have largely attributed achievement gaps between different groups of students in the United States to differences in resources, parent education, socioeconomic status (SES), and school quality. They have also shown how, through their “cultural productions,” certain students may disadvantage themselves.
This article takes a different approach to understanding the role of education in the perpetuation of social inequality in the United States. The article focuses on the construction of advantage. The article seeks to explain how students from middle-class to upper-middle-class communities continue to pull ahead of students from other backgrounds.
Setting
A Midwestern U.S. suburb and its Blue Ribbon public high school.
Research Design
A 4-year mixed-method ethnographic study that followed a diverse group of high- and underachieving students through their entire high school careers.
Data Collection
Data were collected by a diverse research team through participant observation and informal interviews in classrooms and other relevant in- and out-of-school settings; over 60 tape-recorded interviews with teachers, administrators, and students, including a diverse sample of 8 high- and low-achieving male and female students from the class of 2003 and their parents; and consultation of school documents and popular culture discourses and social narratives on youth, parenting, and schooling.
In addition, a grounded survey consisting of 44 forced-choice and 16 open-ended items was administered in March 2002 to 605 students.
The article describes the local cultural logic and set of practices that were oriented toward producing both the substance and image of competitive academic success, including
(1) the class cultural community achievement ideology;
(2) the school’s institutional advantaging of its pupils;
(3) student identities and strategies for school success; and
(4) parental intervention in school and manipulation of educational policies.
The piece’s class cultural approach shows how these beliefs and practices constitute a highly integrated system with multiple internal feedback mechanisms that underlie its robustness. The article also discusses some of the costs of this unswerving orientation to individual advancement, including student stress and fatigue, alienation from learning, incivility, and marginalization of minority students.
The article demonstrates another way in which class formation is mediated within the social fields of high schools, showing how this integrated cultural system of individual advancement is an important mechanism in the production of inequality in the contemporary United States.
In addition, in identifying some of the deleterious effects of the role of competition in the cultural logic of schooling in this community, the article recommends that teachers and administrators enter into dialogues concerning the extent to which it is foregrounded or backgrounded in their own classrooms and schools.